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What if the tiniest components of matter were somehow different from the way they exist now, perhaps only slightly different or maybe a lot? What if they had been different from the moment the universe began in the big bang? Would matter as we know it be the same? Would humans even exist?

Scientists are starting to find answers to some profound questions such as these, thanks to a breakthrough in the calculations needed to understand the strong nuclear force that comes from the motion of nature’s basic building blocks, subatomic particles called quarks and gluons.

What if the tiniest components of matter were somehow different from the way they exist now, perhaps only slightly different or maybe a lot? What if they had been different from the moment the universe began in the big bang? Would matter as we know it be the same? Would humans even exist?

Scientists are starting to find answers to some profound questions such as these, thanks to a breakthrough in the calculations needed to understand the strong nuclear force that comes from the motion of nature’s basic building blocks, subatomic particles called quarks and gluons.

What would you call an alien if you encountered it on the street tomorrow? What if that alien didn’t come from another world but rather was created in a laboratory right here on Earth and functioned differently from other Earth life?

Either way, Peter Ward has the beginnings of an answer.